Lesson 5 of 8

Development finance institutions, impact investors and bonds

This lesson covers three sources of funding beyond banks: development finance institutions, set up to support private enterprise in developing countries; impact investors, who expect a measurable social return as well as a financial one; and bonds and notes sold to investors. It also shows how to work out what a below-market loan is worth to a lender, and what borrowing in a foreign currency can cost.

Published 5 November 2026